Microbial anatomy and physiology

Microbial anatomy and physiology

Definition;

                             The Study of internal structure and function 

                                       of microorganisms.

What is Microorganisms?

Microorganisms are those organisms which we can not see with naked eye. This Microorganism also called microscopic organisms.

Micro Stand For

M= Microscopic organisms

I=Independant unit 

C=Comparatively Simple Structure

R=Rapid in Growth And Rates

O=Omnipresent

Keywords : mycology ,  Microbial anatomy and physiology , Microbial Pathogenesis , Soil Microbiology , Immunology.

Enzymes

  Enzymes are biological catalysts used to speed up biochemical reactions in living organisms.

  Enzymes are big molecules or macromolecules.

  Most enzymes in living organisms are protein molecules.

  There are a number of chemical reactions happening in living organisms continuously, and each reaction is catalyzed by a different enzyme.

  The reactants of the reaction catalyzed by an enzyme are called its substrates.

  Since they are big molecules, enzymes have a particular 3-dimensional structure.

  An enzyme has a pocket called an active site, into which its substrate fits.

  In the active site, the substrate reaches a suitable conformation, so its bonds are broken easily and new bonds are formed, leading to the formation of the products.

  Enzymes detach and used in new reactions.

Classification

  Oxidoreductases

  These catalyze oxidation and reduction reactions,e.g. pyruvate dehydrogenase, which catalyzes the oxidation of pyruvate to acetyl coenzyme A.

  Transferases

  These catalyze the transfer of a chemical group from one compound to another. An example is a transaminase, which transfers an amine group from one molecule to another.

  Hydrolases

  They catalyze the hydrolysis of a bond. For example, the enzyme .

Check slideepsin hydrolyzes peptide bonds in proteins.

  Lyases

  These catalyze breakage of bonds without hydrolysis, e.g. aldolase (an enzyme in glycolysis) catalyzes the splitting of fructose-1, 6-bisphosphate to glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate and dihydroxyacetone phosphate.

  Isomerases

 They catalyze the formation of an isomer of a compound, example, phosphoglucomutase catalyzes the conversion of glucose-1-phosphate to glucose-6-phosphate in glycogenolysis (conversion of glycogen to glucose for quick release of energy).

  Ligases

  Ligases catalyze the joining of two molecules. For example, DNA ligase catalyzes the joining of two fragments of DNA by forming a phosphodiester bond.

 Co-factors are non-proteinatious substances that associate with enzymes. A cofactor is essential for the functioning of an enzyme.

  An enzyme without a cofactor is called an apoenzyme.

  An apoenzyme and its cofactor together constitute the holoenzyme.

  There are three kinds of cofactors present in enzymes:

  Prosthetic groups: These are cofactors tightly bound to an enzyme at all times. An FAD is a prosthetic group present in many enzymes.

 Coenzyme: A coenzyme is bound to an enzyme only during catalysis. At all other times, it is detached from the enzyme. NAD⁺ is a common coenzyme.

  Metal ions: For the catalysis of certain enzymes, a metal ion is required at the active site to form coordinate bonds. Zn²⁺ is a metal ion cofactor used by a number of enzymes.

Cellular Respiration

refers to the biochemical pathway by which cells release energy from the chemical bonds of food molecules and provide that energy for the essential processes of life. 

   Anaerobic respiration

   Prokaryotic cells carry out cellular respiration within the cytoplasm or on the inner surfaces of the cells.

  the outcome of cellular respiration is as a production process for ATP.

  Aerobic respiration, or cell respiration in the presence of oxygen, uses the end product of glycolysis (pyruvate) in the TCA cycle to produce much more energy currency in the form of ATP .

  Glycolysis

  the first phase of most carbohydrate catabolism

  The word glycolysis is derived from two Greek words and means the breakdown of something sweet.

  Glycolysis breaks down glucose and forms pyruvate with the production of two molecules of ATP. The pyruvate end product of glycolysis can be used in either anaerobic respiration if no oxygen is available or in aerobic respiration via the TCA cycle which yields much more usable energy for the cell.